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EBU R 128 - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBU_R_128#:~:text=EBU%20R%20128%20is%20a%20recommendation%20for%20loudness,by%20broadcasters%20to%20measure%20and%20control%20programme%20loudness.
Reference listening level signal | EBU Technology & Innovation
https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/rll001
This signal is provided to help set a correct reference listening level as per EBU Tech 3343 (paragraph 8.2). Open file (wav, 11 MB) This reference listening level signal consists of 500-2000 Hz monophonic pink noise @ -23 …
LOUDNESS NORMALISATION AND PERMITTED MAXIMUM …
https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/r/r128.pdf
Audio loudness normalisation & permitted maximum level EBU R128-2020 4 h) that the Programme Loudness Level shall be normalised to a Target Level of −23.0 LUFS. Where attaining the Target Level is not achievable practically (for example, live programmes), a tolerance of ±1.0 LU is permitted. A broadcaster should ensure that
Q. What are the reference levels in digital audio systems?
https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-what-are-reference-levels-digital-audio-systems
The professional standard reference is +4dBu, while the semi-pro reference is -10dBV, and, because these two figures use different reference points, there is just under 12dB of difference between the two.
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