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Modulation Spectrums
https://www.repeater-builder.com/tech-info/modulation-spectrum/modulation-spectrum.html#:~:text=Frequency%20deviation%20due%20to%20audio%20modulation%20is%20usually,10%20kHz%20for%20a%20signal%20that%20is%20deviating
Modulation and Deviation - Radagast
http://www.radagast.org/~dplatt/hamradio/FARS_presentation_on_modulation.pdf
Typically adds 500-750 Hz of deviation Too much (or distorted) PL can be audible If injected before limiter (bad!), excessive audio level and clipping can suppress or mask PL tone, lead to “talking off” of the repeater (PL detector drops out)
Modulation Spectrums
https://www.repeater-builder.com/tech-info/modulation-spectrum/modulation-spectrum.html
Frequency deviation due to audio modulation is usually measured and displayed as plus-or-minus (some number of) kiloHertz, as in +/- 5.0 kHz. The total bandwidth is the complete span of the frequency swing, which would be 10 kHz for a signal that is deviating +/- 5.0 kHz.
TV AUDIO DEVIATION: MEASURING AND SETTING IT
https://www.fmsystems-inc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/TVAUDIOart.pdf
equal loudness, and equal audio deviation, or we can accept audio as we find it, but set the audio volume to be constant between channels and let the deviation fall where it may (within ... TV audio modulator. This requirement is especially acute on the new BTSC stereo modulators, some of which have an audio control system built-in.
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