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Q. What are the reference levels in digital audio systems?
https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-what-are-reference-levels-digital-audio-systems#:~:text=The%20professional%20standard%20reference%20is%20%2B4dBu%2C%20while%20the,just%20under%2012dB%20of%20difference%20between%20the%20two.
Pro Audio Reference (D) - Audio Engineering Society
https://www.aes.org/par/d/
+4 dBu Standard pro audio voltage reference level equal to 1.23 Vrms. 0 dBV Preferred informal abbreviation for the official dB (1.0 V); a voltage reference point equal to 1.0 Vrms. -10 dBV Standard voltage reference level for consumer and some …
Q. What are the reference levels in digital audio systems?
https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-what-are-reference-levels-digital-audio-systems
He most probably discovered that the unit is calibrated to provide a semi-professional standard output level. The professional standard reference is +4dBu, while the semi-pro reference is -10dBV, and, because these two figures use different reference points, there is just under 12dB of difference between the two.
Pro Audio Reference (I) - Audio Engineering Society
https://www.aes.org/par/i/
instrument-level See levels. integrated circuit See IC. intellectual property See: IP. intelligibility See speech intelligibility. intensity Acoustics. The external measured level of a sound, i.e., the sound pressure level. Note that intensity is an objective measurement; contrast with loudness which is a subjective measurement.
Understanding Signal Levels in Audio Gear - inSync
https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/understanding-signal-levels-audio-gear/
Professional audio equipment adheres to the professional line-level standard that is technically +4dBu (Sorry!), commonly referred to as just +4. Back in the days when we used tape machines and consoles, we aligned all the machines so that an input or output level of +4dBu translated to 0 on the VU meters.
Pro Sound vs. Residential Audio line levels - Terra Speakers
http://terraspeakers.com/pro-sound-vs-residential-audio-line-levels/
The most common nominal level for consumer audio equipment is −10 dBV, and the most common nominal level for professional equipment is 4 dBu. By convention, nominal levels are always written with an explicit sign symbol. Thus 4 dBu is written as +4 dBu.
Reference Level - Part One - Power Sound Audio
https://www.powersoundaudio.com/pages/reference-level-part-one
When you set each speaker to produce 75dB at your seating position we can predict the loudest signal normally recorded on a DVD or Blu-ray (which should be 00dBFS) will be produced at 105dB with your volume set to reference level. You can set this level manually with a SPL meter or an auto system setup routine like Audyssey will do the same.
Calibrating Pro Tools - Sound on Sound
https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/calibrating-pro-tools
As this is the only meaningful point of reference, it's marked as the 0dB point (called 'full scale'), and all levels in the system are measured in dB below this level. When you line up two pieces of analogue gear, you normally adjust their trim controls so that a signal that measures as 0VU on the first piece also measures as 0VU on the second.
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