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Everything You Need to Know About Audio Metering But Were ...
https://sonicscoop.com/2018/03/29/everything-need-know-audio-meteringand/#:~:text=It%E2%80%99s%20a%20scale%20where%200%20dB%20is%20equal,above.775%20volts%20going%20through%20your%200%20ohm%20circuit.
Q. What are the reference levels in digital audio systems?
https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-what-are-reference-levels-digital-audio-systems
The professional standard reference is +4dBu, while the semi-pro reference is -10dBV, and, because these two figures use different reference points, there is just under 12dB of difference between the two.
Pro Audio Reference (D) - Audio Engineering Society
https://www.aes.org/par/d/
+4 dBu Standard pro audio voltage reference level equal to 1.23 Vrms. 0 dBV Preferred informal abbreviation for the official dB (1.0 V); a voltage reference point equal to 1.0 Vrms. -10 dBV Standard voltage reference level for consumer and some …
Pro Audio Reference (H) - Audio Engineering Society
https://www.aes.org/par/h/
For example, a nominal +4 dBu system that clips at +20 dBu has 16 dB of headroom. Because it is a pure ratio, there are no units or reference-level associated with headroom — just "dB." Therefore (and a point of confusion for many) headroom expressed …
Audio Reference Levels
http://www.tangible-technology.com/audiobasics/levels/level.html
For professional and consumer recording equipment, the standards are +4dBu and –10dBV, respectively. But what about the bar graph display above? On a stock SV-3700, Panasonic chose a point 18 dB below Full Scale (fs) as their reference.
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